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Carlo GuarmaniItalian traveller in Central Arabia.
Country:
 Italy |
Content:
- Carlo Guarmani: Italian Explorer of Central Arabia
- Journey to Central Arabia
- Motivation and Preparation
- Into the Desert
- Discovering Khaybar
- Observations of Khaybar
- Departure and Return
- Legacy
Carlo Guarmani: Italian Explorer of Central Arabia
Carlo Guarmani, an Italian traveler, embarked on remarkable journeys through Central Arabia in the mid-1800s. He became the first European to visit the ancient oasis of Khaybar and ventured into the Jabal Shammar region.
Journey to Central Arabia
In February 1864, Guarmani arrived in Tayma to purchase horses. During his extended stay in Arabia, he undertook pivotal expeditions in the region. Geographer Hogarth credited him with providing the first comprehensive knowledge of the oasis network and wells in Shammar, enabling scientific mapping of Central Arabia.
Motivation and Preparation
Guarmani was drawn to the Nejd region, renowned for its superior horse breed. Seeking the best horses, he traveled to the Shammar prince, who could procure them from his Bedouin subjects. Guarmani's extensive experience in the Levant, including Palestine, Egypt, and Syria, prepared him well for the challenges of the Nejd.
Into the Desert
Disguised as a Bedouin, Guarmani set out on January 26, 1864. He established contacts with local tribes and relied on their assistance and recommendations as he ventured deeper into the country. To ensure his safety and facilitate trade, he carried letters from tribal leaders, one of which claimed he was a Turkish government representative purchasing horses.
Discovering Khaybar
Guarmani's expedition led him to the oasis of Khaybar, a renowned caravan stop near Medina. As a purported Turkish official, he was greeted courteously by the governor and spent time exploring the city. He estimated its population at around 2,500 and noted its seven distinct quarters, each situated in a valley watered by numerous springs.
Observations of Khaybar
Guarmani observed that the inhabitants of Khaybar were descendants of Ethiopian slaves who had settled the oasis after their masters departed. The original owners retained the right to two bunches of dates from each tree after harvest but no share in other crops. Black tribes periodically visited to collect the dues and tribute to the Shammar emir of Hail.
Departure and Return
After exploring Khaybar, Guarmani traveled to the lands of the Etaym and joined the Ataiba, a large Bedouin tribe involved in a conflict with Emir Faisal ibn Saud. Eager to visit Nejd, Guarmani attempted to meet Faisal but was denied audience at the last moment. Allowed to proceed to Hail, he observed the local horse trade and eventually returned to Damascus and Jerusalem.
Legacy
Guarmani's account of his travels, published in 1866, offered valuable insights into the Bedouin tribes, geography, and political dynamics of Central Arabia. Along with the work of John Lewis Burckhardt (Wali), it contributed significantly to the mapping and exploration of the region. Guarmani's legacy as a pioneering explorer remains a testament to his intrepid spirit and contributions to the understanding of Arabia in the 19th century.
