Gerill Carthage Stoic philosopher, student of Zeno of Citium Date of Birth: . Country: Dive

1. The Stoic Philosopher: Cleanthes of Assos
2. Knowledge as the Ultimate Goal
3. The Primary Impulse
4. The Distinction between Wise and Unwise
5. Cicero's Criticism

The Stoic Philosopher: Cleanthes of Assos

Cleanthes was a prominent Stoic philosopher and a disciple of Zeno of Citium. While sharing the fundamental principles of Stoicism, Cleanthes diverged from Zeno's teachings in several significant ways.

Knowledge as the Ultimate Goal

In contrast to Zeno's emphasis on virtue as the sole purpose of life, Cleanthes maintained that knowledge was the ultimate goal. He believed that gaining knowledge and understanding the world led to wisdom and a virtuous life.

The Primary Impulse

Cleanthes introduced the concept of "oikei?sis" (Greek: ??????????), which he understood as the primary impulse driving all living beings. He argued that this impulse, a natural instinct toward self-preservation and the preservation of one's species, was a fundamental aspect of human nature.

The Distinction between Wise and Unwise

Cleanthes asserted that while unwise individuals may pursue subordinate goals that satisfy their basic needs, only the wise seek the ultimate goal of knowledge. He believed that this pursuit led to a virtuous and enlightened life.

Cicero's Criticism

Cleanthes's views on knowledge and the primary impulse drew criticism from the Roman orator and philosopher Cicero. Cicero argued that Cleanthes's emphasis on knowledge aligned him more closely with the Epicurean philosopher Ariston of Chios than with orthodox Stoicism.