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Jerom BonapartPrince of France (24.9.1806), divisional general (14.3.1807).
Date of Birth: 09.11.1784
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Content:
- Prince Jérôme Bonaparte: A Controversial Life
- Naval Exploits and Expedition to Haiti
- Marriage and Its Consequences
- Return to Military Service
- King of Westphalia
- Commander in Russia
- Napoleonic Wars and Restoration
- Post-War Years
- Death and Legacy
Prince Jérôme Bonaparte: A Controversial Life
Early Life and Military CareerJérôme Bonaparte, born on September 24, 1806, was the youngest brother of renowned French emperor Napoleon Bonaparte. Despite his royal lineage, Jérôme was widely perceived as "unfit for anything." Nevertheless, through his brother's influence, he received a military education at the École Militaire de Juilly and began his naval career as an aspirant in 1800.
Naval Exploits and Expedition to Haiti
Jérôme's naval service included participation in expeditions to Elba and Haiti. In 1802, he commanded the brigantine "L'Epervier," gaining distinction for his bravery. However, an unfortunate encounter with the British fleet forced him to flee to the United States, where he met with a warm reception.
Marriage and Its Consequences
In the United States, Jérôme married Eliza Paterson, the daughter of a wealthy Baltimore merchant. Napoleon was enraged by this union, as he disapproved of marriages outside royal circles. Under pressure from his brother, Jérôme returned to France alone in 1805, leaving his marriage annulled.
Return to Military Service
In 1806, Jérôme rejoined the military and was appointed commander of the 2nd Bavarian Division in Silesia. His success in capturing a large British convoy earned him promotion to counter-admiral. Soon after, he was transferred to the land forces and commanded the 9th Corps of the Grand Army.
King of Westphalia
In 1807, after the Treaty of Tilsit, Jérôme was crowned King of Westphalia. This kingdom, comprising territories from Brunswick, Hesse-Kassel, and Prussia, lacked unity and cohesion. His reign was marked by extravagance and neglect of his responsibilities.
Commander in Russia
During the invasion of Russia in 1812, Jérôme led the 8th (Westphalian) Corps. His poor performance in pursuing the Russian army resulted in his removal from command. Angered by his actions, Napoleon denounced him as "an embarrassment."
Napoleonic Wars and Restoration
Following the Battle of Leipzig in 1813, Jérôme fled his kingdom and sought refuge in Paris. During the "Hundred Days," he served as a peer of France and a general. At the Battle of Waterloo, his division fought bravely, but its assault on the well-fortified British positions proved costly.
Post-War Years
After the second Restoration, Jérôme lived in exile in Austria and Italy. His wife's death led him to marry a noblewoman named Bartolini in 1847. He later returned to France and held the positions of Minister of the Interior and Governor of the Hôtel des Invalides.
Death and Legacy
Jérôme Bonaparte died in 1860 as a prince of the Second French Empire and heir to the throne in case of Emperor Napoleon III's death without an heir. Despite his reputation as a reckless and inept figure, Jérôme's life offers a glimpse into the complexities of the Napoleonic era.