Kemal ad-Din Behzad Persian miniaturist Date of Birth: 01.01.1455 Country: Operator

1. Early Life and Education
2. Artistic Influences
3. Herat School of Miniature Painting
4. Head of the Royal Library
5. Years of Upheaval
6. Court of Shah Ismail I
7. Late Career under Shah Tahmasp
8. Legacy and Death

Early Life and Education

Born between 1455 and 1460 in Herat, Persia, Kemale-al-Din Behzad's exact birthdate remains unknown. Historical accounts suggest he was orphaned at an early age and taken in by the renowned calligrapher and artist Mirak Naqqash Khorassani. Naqqash held a prestigious position as the head of the Sultan Hussain Bayqara's library.

Artistic Influences

Behzad's artistic development was significantly influenced by Ali-Shir Nava'i, the vizier, poet, and humanist who cultivated a creative atmosphere in Herat during Bayqara's reign. Nava'i is believed to have patronized the young artist. Additionally, Behzad may have received guidance from Pir Said Ahmed Tabriz, another noted artist, although his influence is inconclusive due to the lack of any known surviving works by Tabriz.

Herat School of Miniature Painting

In the 1480s, Behzad emerged as a leading artist in the Herat school of miniature painting. His work in the manuscripts produced at the royal library under Bayqara's patronage showcased his mastery in landscape depiction, battle scenes, and the portrayal of human figures with distinctive characteristics. He is credited with numerous artistic innovations.

Head of the Royal Library

In the 1490s, Behzad was appointed head of the Sultan's library, overseeing projects and directing artists. Despite the conquest of Herat in 1506 by Muhammad Shaybani Khan, Behzad retained his position and even painted the Khan's portrait.

Years of Upheaval

From 1507 to 1510, Behzad likely accompanied Shaybani Khan to Bukhara. In 1510, the death of Shaybani Khan by Shah Ismail I led Behzad to relocate to Tabriz, the capital of the newly established Safavid Empire. During this period, his reputation reached its zenith.

Court of Shah Ismail I

Behzad arrived at Shah Ismail's court between 1520 and 1522. The Safavid historian Budagh-munshi records that upon Behzad's arrival, the court library was already operational under the supervision of Sultan Muhammad. Nonetheless, Shah Ismail issued a decree in 1522 appointing Behzad as the head of the library.

Late Career under Shah Tahmasp

After Shah Ismail's untimely death in 1524, Behzad continued to serve in the royal workshop under his successor, Shah Tahmasp I. Safavid historians describe him as a close companion to the king, often engaging in respectful conversations. Despite royal prohibitions on alcohol consumption, Behzad was reportedly exempted due to his age and esteemed position.

Legacy and Death

Behzad passed away in 1535 or 1536, leaving behind a vast legacy in the realm of miniature painting. The exact location of his burial remains a subject of debate, with different sources suggesting Herat or Tabriz. His impact on Persian art remains profound, with his works continuing to inspire generations of artists.