Gregory XI Pope from December 30, 1370 to March 27, 1378 Country: Italy

1. Early Life and Education
2. Ecclesiastical Career
3. Bishop of Ostia and Velletri
4. Election to the Papacy
5. The Return of the Papacy to Rome
6. The Pope's Legacy

Early Life and Education

Born into a noble family in an uncertain year (either 1329, 1331, or 1336), Pierre Roger de Beaufort was the nephew of Pope Clement VI. He pursued studies at the University of Angers, followed by law at the University of Perugia under Pi?tro Baldo degli Ubaldi. Pierre Roger excelled in his studies, earning a doctorate in canon law and gaining a reputation as a learned theologian. His contemporaries praised his "humility and purity of heart."

Ecclesiastical Career

Pierre Roger's ecclesiastical ascent was rapid after he entered the clergy. He held various canonries and archdeaconries, and in 1348, at the young age of 19, was appointed cardinal by his uncle, Clement VI. He held several influential positions within the papal curia in Avignon and was highly regarded for his diplomatic skills.

Bishop of Ostia and Velletri

In 1364, Pierre Roger was elevated to Bishop of Ostia and Velletri, the dean of the College of Cardinals. He played a key role in diplomatic missions and acted as papal legate to Queen Joanna I of Naples. His ability to navigate complex political landscapes earned him further recognition.

Election to the Papacy

Following the death of Pope Urban V in 1370, the College of Cardinals convened in Avignon for a conclave. On December 30, Pierre Roger was unanimously elected pope at the age of 40. He adopted the name Gregory XI, and his coronation took place on January 4 (or 5), 1371.

The Return of the Papacy to Rome

One of Gregory XI's most significant acts was his decision to return the papal see to Rome after 70 years of the "Avignon Papacy." This move was influenced by the persistence of Saint Catherine of Siena and the desire to renew the papacy's spiritual authority. In 1377, Gregory XI led a procession back to Rome, where he established the papacy's permanent residence.

The Pope's Legacy

Gregory XI's papacy was characterized by his diplomatic efforts, his emphasis on reform, and his desire to strengthen the papacy's authority. He faced challenges from factions within the church, including those who opposed the return to Rome. However, his decisions and actions played a significant role in shaping the future of the Catholic Church.